Answer:

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a business management strategy that focuses on improving the quality of products and services through the use of various techniques and tools. It is based on the idea that quality should be built into every aspect of an organization’s operations and not added as an afterthought. The 8 core elements of TQM are grouped into 4 categories: policy, planning, product design, and production.

Policy

The first element of TQM is implementing a policy that all members of the organization must abide by. This policy should define the organization’s vision, mission, values, and strategy. It should be communicated to all employees and serve as a guide for decision-making.

Planning

The second element of TQM is planning. This involves creating a plan to achieve the goals of the organization and ensuring that all necessary resources are in place. This includes identifying the right people for the right tasks, setting objectives, and monitoring progress.

Product Design

The third element of TQM is designing products that meet customer requirements. This involves analyzing customer needs and preferences, developing good product ideas, and testing the products to make sure they meet customer expectations.

Production

The fourth and final element of TQM is production. This involves ensuring that all components of the product are properly assembled and that the product is manufactured in line with established standards.

The answer is marketing. Marketing is the process of promoting and selling products to customers. It is not an element of TQM because it does not directly involve improving the quality of products and services.