Answer:
The risk of cancer is a complex phenomenon with genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors all playing a role. Given the complexity of the subject, there is a great deal of confusion as to which of the following statements are true with respect to the genetic risk of cancer:
1. Cancer can be inherited at an elevated rate.
Yes. Certain genetic syndromes are associated with an increased risk of cancer, either due to changes in DNA structure (i.e. mutations) or to inherited predisposition. In particular, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is caused by an inherited mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, and some families have HBOC based on cancer history but do not have mutations in these genes. Other familial-associated early-onset cancers may be caused by mutations in a variety of genes, and certain common alleles are known to influence cancer risk.
2. There is a shared genetic risk factor between cancer and other diseases.
Yes. Research has shown that there is a shared genetic risk factor between cancer and other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. A recent study found that many of the mutations associated with cancer risk are also associated with coronary artery disease, suggesting that there is a link between the two.
3. There are genetic tests available to assess cancer risk.
Yes. Several tests are available to assess the risk of certain types of cancer. Genetic tests can help identify individuals who may have an inherited form of cancer, or those at elevated risk due to common alleles known to influence risk. Additionally, genetic tests can be used to identify mutations that may cause or increase a person’s risk of cancer. It is important to note, however, that these tests are not always reliable and may not be able to accurately predict the risk of developing cancer.
In conclusion, the risk of cancer is multi-faceted and requires a thorough understanding of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. While all three of the above statements are true with respect to the genetic risk of cancer, it is important to remember that these tests should be taken with a degree of caution and should be used in conjunction with other methods of risk assessment.